In a series of lengthy papers, Planck had combined thermodynamics, in which he was an acknowledged authority, with the new electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879). ![]() This derivation was the culmination of research Planck had begun in the mid-1890s. In December 1900 and January 1901, the German physicist Max Planck (1858– 1947) published three short papers in which he derived a new equation to describe black-body radiation-one that ever since has given excellent agreement with observation. Part of their motivation was practical - establishing better absolute temperature scales, and measuring light intensities, at high temperatures (► Black Body). Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834–1906) in the United States, and a group of experimental physicists in Germany centered around the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) in Charlottenburg, had developed sophisticated techniques for studying this radiation. By the late 1800s, it was a lively research topic for both theoretical and experimental physicists. ![]() ![]() Black-body radiation is such electromagnetic radiation in equilibrium with its material surroundings. Hot objects give off light and heat in the form of electromagnetic radiation whose character changes with temperature.
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